To assess a theory, we must ask: What observations would be consistent with it?

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Question restatement: The prompt asks whether, in assessing a theory, we should ask what observations would be consistent with it. Options: False or True.
Option 1: False. The claim that we should only ask what observations would be consistent with a theory is misleading. In scientific reasoning, it is crucial to consider disconfirming or falsifying evidence—observations that could contradict the theory—in addition to observations that the theory successfully explains. This approach follows the principle of falsifiability: a robust theory should make risky or testable predictions that could, in principle, be shown false. Focusing solely on consistency invites confirmation bias and does not provide a clear path to assessing the theory’s limits, scope, or rival explanations.
Option 2: True. If we only ask about observations consistent with the theory, we risk overlooking potential contradictions or boundary conditions where the theory fails. While predicting consistent outcomes is important, scientific evaluation also hinges on challenging the theory with observations that could falsify it or reveal scenarios where its predictions break down. Therefore, treating only consistent observations as the basis for assessment is incomplete and insufficient for rigorous theory testing.
Additional nuance: A thorough appraisal typically involves (a) identifying predictions the theory entails, (b) examining how those predictions fare under empirical tests (including biased or extreme cases), and (c) considering possible disconfirming evidence alongside corroborating data. This balanced approach strengthens the theory if it passes stringent tests and clarifies its domain of applicability if it does not.

BIOLOGY 109 001 WN 2025 Quiz 2

To assess a theory, we must ask: What observations would be consistent with it?

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