Among basic research methods, an experiment is capable of providing the most convincing evidence of cause-and-effect relationships.

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BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Consider the claim about cause-and-effect evidence in research. 
Option 1: True. This statement reflects the standard view in basic research methods: experiments uniquely enable manipulation of an independent variable and random assignment to conditions, while controlling extraneous variables. Such control allows researchers to infer causality more convincingly than non-experimental designs, where confounds and reverse causation can obscure links. In other designs, like correlational studies, you can observe associations but cannot rule out alternative explanations. 
Option 2: False. This option would be incorrect because, in general, experiments are designed to establish causal relationships by controlling variables and randomizing participants, which strengthens internal validity. While it’s true that practical, ethical, or logistical constraints can limit experimental feasibility, the claim asks about the method’s capability, not about its always-being-used state; under typical conditions, experiments provide the clearest causal evidence among basic research methods. 
In summary, the reasoning supports that experiments are the strongest method for establishing causality in basic research, while acknowledging that non-experimental designs have limitations that prevent definitive causal conclusions in many contexts.

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Among basic research methods, an experiment is capable of providing the most convincing evidence of cause-and-effect relationships.

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