Which of the following energy sources has the highest global mortality rate (deaths per unit of produced energy)?

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Question restated: Which of the following energy sources has the highest global mortality rate (deaths per unit of produced energy)? The answer provided is 'd. Coal'.

Because the answer options other than the correct one are not provided here, I will focus on explaining why coal typically has the highest mortality rate per unit energy and avoid asserting about options I cannot see.

- Coal generally leads to the highest energy-related mortality rate due to a combination of air pollution, mining risks, and community exposure. Burning coal releases large quantities of particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and other toxic pollutants, which contribute to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Long-term exposure in many regions correlates with higher premature death rates compared to other fossil fuels and many renewables.
- In addition to air pollution, coal mining and processing have significant accident risks and occupational hazards that increase mortality among workers. Community health impacts from mining sites and waste byproducts can also raise health risks in surrounding populations.
- When comparing energy sources on a per-unit basis, coal tends to have a larger health burden than natural gas, oil, nuclear, hydro, wind, or solar, largely because of the pollutants emitted during combustion and the more concentrated emissions associated with coal-fired power plants.

If the other options were provided, a thorough analysis would involve:
- Option A: Assess whether it’s a cleaner energy source with fewer emissions per unit energy (e.g., wind or solar) and explain why those sources typically have lower mortality per unit energy due to near-zero air emissions during operation.
- Option B: Check whether it refers to a fossil fuel with somewhat lower emissions than coal (e.g., natural gas, which emits less CO2 and pollutants per unit energy than coal, but still has lifecycle considerations) and explain the health implications.
- Option C: Consider non-combustion or non-polluting options (e.g., nuclear, certain renewables) and explain their advantage in reducing mortality per unit energy.

In summary, coal is associated with the highest global mortality rate per unit of produced energy mainly due to substantial air pollutant emissions during combustion and significant mining-related risks, which increase deaths relative to other energy sources. If you provide the missing answer options, I can give a detailed, option-by-option comparison for full clarity.

Climate Action – Solutions for Carbon Neutral Transport Pre-quiz on SDGs & Energy Systems

Which of the following energy sources has the highest global mortality rate (deaths per unit of produced energy)?

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