For the ground-state Ga3+ ion, what type of orbital do the electrons with the highest energy reside?

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BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Question restatement: For the ground-state Ga3+ ion, what type of orbital do the electrons with the highest energy reside?

Option 1: 3d
Explanation: In Ga, the neutral atom has the configuration [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1. When we form Ga3+, three electrons are removed from the outermost shells, typically the 4p and 4s electrons, leaving behind the [Ar] core plus the 3d orbital electrons. The remaining electrons that are still present are in the 3d orbitals, and these occupy the highest-energy occupied shells in this ion. Therefore, the electrons with the highest energy reside in the 3d orbitals.

Option 2: 4s
Explanation: Although 4s is usually the outermost shell for neutral Ga, after removing three electrons to form Ga3+ the 4s and 4p electrons are removed first, leaving no occupancy in 4s for the ion. Hence, 4s electrons are not the highest-energy occupied in Ga3+. The remaining electrons are in lower-energy 3d orbitals.

Option 3: 4d
Explanation: The 4d orbitals are not involved in the ground-state electron configuration of Ga or Ga3+; there is no occupation of 4d in the ground-state arrangement for gallium and its triply ionized state. Thus, 4d cannot be the correct answer.

Option 4: 4p
Explanation: The 4p electrons are removed to form Ga3+; the ion does not retain 4p electrons in its ground state. Consequently, 4p is not where the highest-energy occupied electrons reside in Ga3+.

Option 5: 3p
Explanation: The 3p orbitals belong to the neon-like core of the atom and are not the highest-energy occupied shells in this context. In Ga3+, the relevant high-energy electrons sit in the 3d set, not 3p. Therefore, 3p is incorrect.

For the ground-state Ga3+ ion, what type of orbital do the electrons with the highest energy reside?

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