Children in the preoperational phase tend to be egocentric. This means they

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The question asks about what it means that children in the preoperational phase tend to be egocentric.
Option a: 'apply attributes of living things to inanimate objects' describes animism, a cognitive tendency sometimes seen in early development, but it is not the same as egocentrism. This option addresses how children interpret objects rather than how they view others’ perspectives.
Option b: 'are able to control their emotions' is not a description of egocentrism. Emotional regulation is a general skill and is not tied to the egocentric trait associated with the preoperational stage.
Option c: 'can see other people’s point of view' would reflect decentered thinking, which is more characteristic of concrete operational stage or later, not the preoperational stage. In preoperational thinking, perspective-taking is limited, so this statement is incorrect as a description of egocentrism.
Option d: 'assume others see the world the way they do' directly captures the essence of egocentrism in the preoperational stage. Children at this stage have difficulty distinguishing their own viewpoint from others’ viewpoints and often overgeneralize their perspective to others.
In summary, while a and c reference related cognitive ideas (animism and perspective-taking development) and b addresses emotion rather than perspective, option d accurately reflects the hallmark of egocentrism in preoperational children. The incorrect options conflict with the defining features of egocentrism by describing alternative cognitive tendencies or development levels. The explanation aligns with Piagetian theory on the preoperational stage and its characteristic egocentric thinking.

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Children in the preoperational phase tend to be egocentric. This means they

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