Empirical evidence on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) effects of SM accession suggests:

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The question asks about empirical evidence on GDP effects of EU or SM (Schengen/European Union) accession, focusing on how the literature characterizes the gains. 
Option a: 'Gains are purely static and vanish after five years.' This statement claims that benefits are only short-term and static, with no persistence. In empirical growth literature on country or bloc accession, results typically show that effects unfold over time and may persist or even accumulate via productivity channels; declaring them purely static and vanishing is inconsistent with many studies that find lasting or delayed effects through integration, investment, and institutional changes. 
Option b: 'Post-accession growth trajectories can be fully explained by net fiscal transfers' This asserts that only fiscal transfers drive growth paths, leaving no role for other channels like trade integration, investment, or reforms. Empirically, growth responses are rarely fully accounted for by fiscal transfers alone; structural and supply-side channels often matter, and relying solely on transfers ignores productivity and institutional mechanisms. Therefore this is too narrow and incomplete. 
Option c: 'Estimated gains display substantial cross-country heterogeneity, depending on institutional capacity.' This option recognizes that estimates of GDP gains vary across countries, and that country-specific factors such as institutions, governance, and policy implementability shape the magnitude of benefits. This aligns with the literature showing heterogeneous effects: stronger institutions, better administrative capacity, and credible reforms tend to translate integration into larger gains, while weaker capacity dampens potential benefits. 
Option d: 'Economies of new member states experienced homogeneous long-run GDP responses.' This suggests uniform, identical long-run responses across all new member states, which contradicts the well-established finding of heterogeneity in growth and adjustment processes after integration. It ignores country-specific conditions and convergence dynamics. 
Thus, option c correctly captures the nuanced, evidence-based view, while the other options conflict with core empirical patterns about variability, channels, and the role of institutions in GDP effects after accession.

Empirical evidence on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) effects of SM accession suggests:

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