In order to promote growth in living standards, policymakers must

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To evaluate how policymakers promote growth in living standards, we need to consider how each option would affect long-run economic growth.
Option 1: 'promote bureaucracy.' Expanding bureaucratic structures often increases government intervention, slows decision-making, and can hamper efficiency. In many growth models, excessive bureaucracy creates burdens on business investment and stifles innovation, making this choice a poor path to rising living standards.
Option 2: 'minimize accumulation of factors of production.' Reducing the accumulation of capital, labor, technology, or land usage would directly constrain a country's ability to raise output. Growth generally depends on building up capital stock, improving human capital, and technological progress, so this option undermines growth.
Option 3: 'rise taxes to increase government revenue.' Higher taxes can dampen private incentives to invest, save, and work, especially if tax rates deter marginal investment returns. Unless paired with efficient public spending, increased taxation tends to lower growth prospects, making this a questionable policy for improving living standards.
Option 4: 'protect property rights and maintain political stability.' Secure property rights and stable institutions are fundamental to growth. They encourage investment, enable long-run planning, and reduce entry and exit costs for businesses. This environment supports capital formation, innovation, and efficient resource allocation, all of which raise living standards over time.
In light of these considerations, the policies that align with higher growth potential are those that safeguard economic incentives and predictable governance, rather than those that add friction or reduce investment. The contrast between the options highlights why secure property rights and political stability are central to promoting growth in living standards.

In order to promote growth in living standards, policymakers must

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