Two different species of blackbird both breed in marshland habitats. Male red-winged blackbirds set up territories in the marshland early in the Spring. As the season progresses, the more aggressive tri-colour blackbirds move in and take over the best territories and force the red-winged blackbirds to choose the leftover habitats.The entire marshland is BEST defined as the red winged blackbird’s:

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To analyze the question, we need to recall the ecological distinction between a species' niche concepts and how competition shapes where a species can occur.
Option a: 'niche.' This is a general term for the role or position of a species within an ecosystem, including its use of resources and interactions. However, it does not specify whether we are talking about the potential or the actual space a species could occupy, so it’s too vague here.
Option b: 'ecological niche.' This phrase is essentially synonymous with the niche concept in ecology, describing the set of environmental conditions and resources that allow a species to survive and reproduce. Like option a, it does not explicitly distinguish between potential and actual occupancy in the presence of competitors, making it an incomplete descriptor for the scenario described.
Option c: 'realised niche.' The realised niche is the portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies after accounting for biotic interactions, such as competition, predation, and mutualisms. In this scenario, aggressive tri-colour blackbirds displace red-winged blackbirds from prime territories, reducing the red-winged birds' actual habitat availability. Therefore, the marshland that remains suitable but not necessarily used reflects the realised niche being squeezed by competitors.
Option d: 'fundamental niche.' The fundamental niche represents the full range of environmental conditions and resources a species could potentially exploit in the absence of competitors or other limiting factors. The question states that the entire marshland is BEST defined as the red winged blackbird’s area before competition occupies the space, which aligns with the fundamental niche concept as the potential habitat for the species.
In summary, options a and b do not specify the potential versus actual occupancy; option c describes the actual, reduced habitat due to competition (the realised niche); option d correctly points to the full potential habitat the red-winged blackbird could occupy in the absence of competitors, i.e., the fundamental niche.

BIO1022 MA S2 2025 On Campus Test 2

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