According to the Doughnut Theory, the "hole" in the doughnut represents:

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BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

When evaluating the Doughnut Theory, it's important to interpret what the central 'hole' symbolizes in the model's visual geometry.
Option a: 'Economic growth' — While economic growth is a component of the outer ring's ambition (the ecological ceiling and social foundation framework), the hole itself does not denote growth. Growth is typically framed as an outer ambition beyond basic needs, not the void at the center.
Option b: 'Environmental sustainability' — Environmental sustainability is one of the outer bounds that define the safe operating space of the model. It represents a boundary rather than what fills the center. The hole is about what is missing inside those social boundaries, not the environmental limit itself.
Option c: 'Government expenditure' — Government expenditure is a policy tool that can affect both the inner and outer limits, but the Doughnut’s central gap is not a measure of spending levels or fiscal policy. It’s a qualitative depiction of missing human needs.
Option d: 'Human deprivation and unmet basic needs' — This is the core interpretation of the hole: if the social foundation is not met, people experience deprivation. The central void emphasizes that, despite staying within the ecological ceiling, many people fall short of essential human needs such as health, education, housing, and equity. This framing highlights the social dimension as the deficiency that must be addressed to close the gap.
In summary, the hole signifies the absence of essential human needs being met, which aligns with the Doughnut Theory’s focus on achieving a balance between social foundations and ecological limits. The other options describe outer concepts or tools, but do not capture what the central gap represents in this visual metaphor.

According to the Doughnut Theory, the "hole" in the doughnut represents:

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