Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?

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Question recap: Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?

Option a: 'ovules that are not contained within ovaries' — This is incorrect because in angiosperms, ovules are enclosed within ovaries, which later develop into fruits. Saying they are not contained contradicts the defining feature of angiosperms, so this option cannot be true for all angiosperms.

Option b: 'free-living gametophytes' — This is also incorrect. Angiosperms, like all flowering plants, have highly reduced gametophytes (the male pollen grain and the female embryo sac) that are not free-living organisms. They depend on the sporophyte tissue for nourishment and development, so this does not describe angiosperms generally.

Option c: 'carpels that contain microsporangia' — This is inaccurate. Microsporangia (pollen sacs) are located on the stamens within the anthers, not in the carpels. Carpels are the female reproductive units that contain ovules. Therefore, carpels containing microsporangia does not describe angiosperms.

Option d: 'complete reliance on wind as the pollinating agent' — While many angiosperms use animal pollinators, there is a broad diversity of pollination strategies among angiosperms, including wind, insects, birds, and other animals. Therefore, relying completely on wind is not a universal characteristic of all angiosperms.

Option e: 'double internal fertilization' — This describes a defining feature of angiosperms: within the ovule, one sperm fertilizes the egg to form the zygote, while a second sperm fuses with two polar nuclei to form the endosperm. This double fertilization is unique to angiosperms and is consistently true across the group.

Summary: Each of options a–d describes either a trait not universal to all angiosperms or a pattern opposite to what is observed in many members of the group. Only option e accurately captures a universal characteristic of angiosperms, namely double internal fertilization.

BIO 112-004 - Spring 2025: Biological Concepts and Methods I I (Lecture)

Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?

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