Which theory draws primary attention to the exploitation of poor countries by rich ones?

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Question restatement: Which theory draws primary attention to the exploitation of poor countries by rich ones?

Option 1: world systems. This framework (originating with Wallerstein) indeed analyzes a global capitalist world-system with a core-periphery dynamic, where affluent, dominant regions (the core) extract resources and surplus from less-developed peripheries. However, the prompt asks for the theory that primarily emphasizes exploitation by rich countries over poorer ones, and while world-systems theory foregrounds that unequal relationship, its scope is broader, focusing on systemic interdependencies rather than naming exploitation as its central, sole focus.

Option 2: market-oriented. Market-oriented theories typically emphasize economic growth, efficiency, and the advantages of liberalized markets. They generally do not center on political-economic exploitation between rich and poor countries; instead they advocate market mechanisms as drivers of development. This makes this option misaligned with the specific focus on exploitative dynamics between rich and poor nations.

Option 3: dependency. Dependency theory explicitly centers on how rich countries and their economic systems impose and perpetuate dependency in poorer countries, reinforcing underdevelopment through mechanisms like unequal trade, debt, and neo-colonial relationships. The phrasing of the question aligns well with this theory's core emphasis on exploitation and structural inequities in international relations.

Option 4: modernization. Modernization theory describes development as a linear path societies follow toward adopted Western-like institutions and technologies. It tends to attribute underdevelopment to internal factors and path-dependent progress, rather than to exploitation by wealthier nations, making it less aligned with the stated focus on rich-to-poor exploitation.

In summary, option 3 foregrounds the unequal, exploitative dynamics between rich and poor countries as its central concern, whereas the other options describe broader or alternative perspectives that do not center this specific exploitation mechanism to the same extent.

SMC 2025 Smr - SOCIOL 1 (1561,1562) - Introduction to Sociology (O) FINAL EXAM

Which theory draws primary attention to the exploitation of poor countries by rich ones?

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