In Hofstede’s model, “individualism vs collectivism” most influences:

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Hofstede's cultural dimension of individualism versus collectivism is focused on how people perceive themselves in relation to groups and how this shapes social behavior and organizational practices.

Option 1: Gender norms. While gender roles can be influenced by cultural context, the primary focus of the individualism–collectivism dimension is not on gender expectations but on the degree of emphasis on the individual versus the group. This makes gender norms a less direct consequence of this dimension.

Option 2: Decision-making. In individualist cultures, decisions are often made by individuals or by prioritizing personal goals, while in collectivist cultures, decisions tend to involve group input, consensus, and consideration of the welfare of the larger group. This directly aligns with how the dimension influences group dynamics and organizational practices.

Option 3: Time orientation. Time orientation (long-term vs short-term) is more closely associated with the long-term orientation dimension in Hofstede’s framework rather than with individualism–collectivism. Although there can be correlations, it is not the core focus of this dimension.

Option 4: Gift giving. Gift giving as a practice is shaped by a variety of culture-specific norms and etiquette, but it is not a central construct explained by the individualism–collectivism dimension.

Option 5: Designations. Titles or designations are social constructs that can reflect hierarchy or institutional norms, but they are not the primary element that this particular Hofstede dimension aims to explain.

Overall, the contrast between individual autonomy and group alignment in this dimension most directly informs how decisions are made within individuals and groups, making decision-making the central influence among the options provided.

33:620:302:01 MANAGEMENT SKILLS Midterm- Fall 2025

In Hofstede’s model, “individualism vs collectivism” most influences:

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