What theory argues that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom?

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The question asks us to identify which theory claims that punishments for rule violators are distributed unequally, with people higher up in society facing more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom.
Option 1: Functionalism. This perspective emphasizes how social institutions work together to maintain stability and social order, often focusing on how norms and punishments serve to reinforce social cohesion. It does not primarily argue about unequal punishment distribution by social rank, so this choice misattributes the described idea.
Option 2: Symbolic Interactionism. This micro-level approach examines how individuals and groups interpret symbols and how meaning is constructed through interaction. While it can address labeling or perception of crime, it does not centrally claim that punishment is distributed unequally across social strata in the way described.
Option 3: Labeling Theory. This theory focuses on how individuals come to be labeled as deviant and how those labels influence self-identity and social responses. It explains consequences of being labeled but not the structural distribution of punishments by social position, so it does not match the statement in question.
Option 4: Conflict Theory. This perspective explicitly contends that social order is maintained by power inequalities, and rules and enforcement are used to control subordinate groups while protecting the interests of the powerful. The description that those near the top receive more lenient treatment aligns with conflict theory’s emphasis on structural inequality in sanctioning and rule enforcement.

Introduction to Sociology Exam #2

What theory argues that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom?

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