Karl Marx suggested that what drives human societies and history is

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The question asks: Karl Marx suggested that what drives human societies and history is...

Since only one answer option is provided in the data, we have:

- a. conflict between groups

Explanation for the provided option:
- Option a reflects the core idea of historical materialism in Marxist theory: society is shaped by the material conditions of production and the conflicts that arise between social classes or groups with opposing interests. The struggle between groups (e.g., the bourgeoisie and the proletariat) is viewed as the motor of historical change, leading to social revolutions and transformations of the economic system. This framing emphasizes systemic conflict over individual actions as the driving force of history.

If we consider typical alternative options that might appear in a full set (though they are not present here), we can anticipate why they would be considered incorrect from a Marxist perspective:
- Religion: While Marx critiqued religion as a reflection of material conditions and as a tool of oppression in certain contexts, he did not propose religion as the primary driver of history. He argued that economic and class relations shape society first, and religion often serves to justify or mask those relations.
- Individual actions: Marx emphasizes collective social and economic forces rather than solely attributing historical change to individual decisions or heroic leadership. Personal actions matter within the structure of class relations, but they are interpreted within the overarching material conditions.
- Education: Education can influence social conditions and class awareness, but Marx would argue that it is shaped by the prevailing mode of production and class interests rather than being the primary driver of historical change itself.

In summary, option a encapsulates Marx’s claim that the conflict and interactions between social groups with divergent interests, driven by the mode of production, propel the course of history. The other kinds of options—whether focusing on religion, individual agency, or education—do not capture the central mechanism that Marx identifies as the engine of historical development.

BHE4-06-091 Culture and Society 2025.2

Karl Marx suggested that what drives human societies and history is

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