In the circular economy, emission-intensive extraction of virgin raw materials is replaced with

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The question asks about what replaces emission-intensive extraction of virgin raw materials in the circular economy, and it allows for multiple correct answers.
Option a: services. While offering services can support a circular approach (e.g., product-as-a-service models), it does not by itself directly substitute the emission-intensive extraction of virgin materials. The core substitute for reducing virgin material extraction is recycling and reuse, rather than just shifting to services.
Option b: the production of recycled materials. This is a primary mechanism of the circular economy: using materials recovered from waste streams to create new products, thereby avoiding new virgin material extraction and its associated emissions. This option directly addresses replacing virgin inputs with recycled ones.
Option c: the re-use of waste. Reusing waste material or products extends their life and reduces the need for extracting new resources, which lowers emissions tied to virgin material production. This is another central strategy in closing loops and is therefore correct.
Option d: repair services. Repair extends the life of existing products and can reduce the demand for new resources, but it is more about extending product longevity than directly replacing the emission-heavy extraction of virgin raw materials. While beneficial within a circular strategy, it is not the direct replacement mechanism for virgin material extraction in the same way as recycling or reuse.
In summary, options b and c describe the direct substitution of virgin material extraction through recycling and reuse, which are core circular economy strategies, whereas options a and d describe related but distinct approaches that do not by themselves replace virgin material extraction to the same extent.

BH60A6801 Sustainable.now - Online teaching (3 cr) 3.3.2025-20.4.2025 QUIZ (English)

In the circular economy, emission-intensive extraction of virgin raw materials is replaced with

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