A key factor driving global malnutrition discussed in the lecture is:

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The question asks for a key factor driving global malnutrition discussed in the lecture. Here are the answer options and analyses:

Option 1: 'Increased reliance on Indigenous agriculture' — This statement is not typically presented as a primary driver of global malnutrition in lectures, and relying on Indigenous agriculture is generally framed as a resilient practice that can support food security rather than a root cause of malnutrition. The reasoning here would need more context about specific adverse effects, which this option does not provide.

Option 2: 'Decline in global population' — A falling global population would not logically lead to malnutrition on a global scale; malnutrition is more often tied to availability, access, and distribution of food rather than a simple population count. The phrasing suggests a demographic trend that would likely reduce absolute numbers of malnourished people if incomes and crops remained stable, which contradicts common drivers of malnutrition.

Option 3: 'Overproduction of nutrient-dense foods' — Overproduction of nutrient-dense foods would typically improve dietary quality and reduce certain forms of malnutrition, assuming access and affordability are present. This option misstates the relationship between food production patterns and malnutrition, implying benefits from something that would not align with the standard drivers discussed in nutrition and food systems lectures.

Option 4: 'Climate change, conflict, and inequitable food systems' — This combination is widely recognized as a major composite driver of global malnutrition. Climate change disrupts harvests and food availability, conflict interrupts production and access, and inequitable food systems limit access to affordable, nutritious foods for vulnerable groups. Together, these factors explain both undernutrition and rising obesity in some contexts, and they align with the lecture’s framing of systemic drivers rather than isolated factors.

In summary, the incorrect options each present plausible-sounding statements but fail to capture the multifaceted, systemic drivers highlighted in scholarly discussions: climate impacts, conflict-related disruption, and unequal food distribution. The correct option incorporates these interconnected elements, reflecting how each contributes to malnutrition on a global scale.

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A key factor driving global malnutrition discussed in the lecture is:

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