According to Darley and Latané, the decision-making process necessary for bystander intervention in an emergency situation requires

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The question asks about the decision-making steps identified by Darley and Latané that are necessary for bystander intervention in an emergency situation.
Option a: 'an increase in self-awareness, the recognition of personal responsibility, and the experience of cognitive dissonance.' This choice mixes motivational concepts (self-awareness) with internal tension (cognitive dissonance) that are not the specific staged steps described by Darley and Latané for deciding to help. It misplaces the emphasis on internal psychology rather than the observed process of noticing, interpreting, and taking responsibility to act.
Option b: 'learning the social responsibility norm and applying the norm to the situation at hand.' While social norms influence helping behavior, the classic bystander model does not start with acquiring a norm in the moment; it outlines a sequence starting with noticing the event, then interpreting it as an emergency, then assuming responsibility. This option conflates broader socialization with the immediate decision process.
Option c: 'recognizing a shared predicament and identifying a superordinate goal.' Although recognizing a common issue and defining goals can be relevant in group contexts, this is not the core triplet of steps in the Darley–Latané framework. The emphasis here is on collective framing rather than the essential personalized process of deciding to intervene.
Option d: 'noticing an incident, interpreting the incident as an emergency, and assuming responsibility for helping.' This aligns with the classic model: first, the observer must notice the event; second, interpret it as an emergency requiring help; third, decide to take personal responsibility to act (rather than relying on others). Each step builds on the previous one and directly maps onto the established bystander decision process.
In summary, the correct sequence is the one described in option d, as it encapsulates the three-stage cognitive process central to Darley and Latané’s theory of bystander intervention: noticing, interpreting, and assuming responsibility. The other options either introduce concepts not central to the model or misplace the order and nature of the decision steps, leading to misunderstandings about how bystander intervention is triggered.

PSY 200 (003) Fall 2025 Introduction to Psychology (TR, 1:30pm)

According to Darley and Latané, the decision-making process necessary for bystander intervention in an emergency situation requires

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