Question at position 5 Why is the Western honey bee Apis mellifera found on all continents (except for the poles) while the other honey bee species have a much narrower range?Apis mellifera is a native species of Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Europeans spread them further when colonizing the Americas, Australia, and parts of Asia.Apis mellifera produces a specialized venom that allows it to kill most predator species, but other honey bee species produce a venom that only causes pain, so they cannot survive in most ecosystems.

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Question at position 5 Why is the Western honey bee Apis mellifera found on all continents (except for the poles) while the other honey bee species have a much narrower range?Apis mellifera is a native species of Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Europeans spread them further when colonizing the Americas, Australia, and parts of Asia.Apis mellifera produces a specialized venom that allows it to kill most predator species, but other honey bee species produce a venom that only causes pain, so they cannot survive in most ecosystems.

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The question asks why Apis mellifera is found on all continents except the poles, compared to other honey bee species with narrower ranges.
Option 1: 'Apis mellifera is a native species of Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Europeans spread them further when colonizing the Americas, Australia, and parts of Asia.' This explanation aligns with biogeography and historical dispersal: A. mellifera originated in the Old World and was moved widely by human activity during exploration and colonization, leading to its nearly cosmopolitan distribution. It emphasizes natural native range plus anthropogenic expansion, which is the primary reason for its broad global presence.
Option 2: 'Apis mellifera produces a specialized venom that allows it to kill most predator species, but other honey bee species produce a venom that only causes pain, so they cannot survive in most ecosystems.' This claim is inaccurate. All honey bees possess venom delivered by stinging for defense, but no evidence supports A. mellifera having a uniquely lethal venom that enables survival across ecosystems while other species cannot. Differences in venom are not the main driver of their geographic spread; behavior, climate tolerance, and human-mediated transport are more influential factors.
In terms of broader reasoning, the first option correctly integrates historical human-mediated dispersal with the species’ native range, which explains its appearance on multiple continents. The second option conflates venom toxicity with range success and lacks support in ecological or biogeographical literature, making it a flawed rationale for the distribution pattern.
Overall, option 1 presents a coherent account grounded in origin and human-driven expansion, while option 2 offers an incorrect and unsupported mechanism for broader distribution.

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