Question at position 18 Why is the Western honey bee Apis mellifera found on all continents (except for the poles) while the other honey bee species have a much narrower range?Apis mellifera is a native species of Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Europeans spread them further when colonizing the Americas, Australia, and parts of Asia.Apis mellifera produces a specialized venom that allows it to kill most predator species, but other honey bee species produce a venom that only causes pain, so they cannot survive in most ecosystems.

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To tackle the question, I’ll lay out the ideas behind each option and how well they fit what we know aboutApis mellifera.
Option 1: 'Apis mellifera is a native species of Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Europeans spread them further when colonizing the Americas, Australia, and parts of Asia.' This statement aligns with the historical and biogeographical pattern: A. mellifera originated in the Old World and was transported by humans during exploration and colonization, leading to its current global distribution except polar regions. The spread by humans is a well-supported driver for its wide range, making this option consistent with what ecologists and historians document about honey bee expansion.
Option 2: 'Apis mellifera produces a specialized venom that allows it to kill most predator species, but other honey bee species produce a venom that only causes pain, so they cannot survive in most ecosystems.' This claim is inaccurate from a biological and ecological standpoint. All honey bees produce venom (apamin and other components), and while venom composition varies among species, there is no evidence that A. mellifera’s venom uniquely enables survival across most ecosystems by killing predators. Predation pressure and venom differences do not explain such a broad geographic distribution across continents. The premise overstates venom’s role in range, conflating defensive chemistry with biogeography.
Option 1 also implicitly contrasts with the idea that native ranges and human-mediated dispersal shape distribution, which is a plausible explanation for broad ranges of widespread, adaptable species like A. mellifera. Recognizing the historical context of colonization helps explain why this species occurs on multiple continents, including introduced populations in the Americas, Australia, and parts of Asia.
In sum, Option 1 correctly ties the global presence ofApis mellifera to its origins in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East and to subsequent human-mediated spread during colonization, whereas Option 2 attributes the distribution to venom uniqueness, which misunderstands the biology and biogeography involved.

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