Benevolent sexism is a view of women as pure, delicate, and in need of care and protection by men. Which of the following statements about benevolent sexism is true?

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The question asks which statement about benevolent sexism is true, and the provided answer indicates option D: All of the above.
Option A: 'According to System Justification Theory, these views serve an ego-defensive purpose (reducing anxiety) and help to justify and perpetuate an unequal status quo (Van der Toorn & Jost, 2014).' This aligns with System Justification Theory, which suggests people justify and rationalize existing social arrangements, including gender hierarchies, to reduce cognitive dissonance and anxiety. Benevolent sexism can function to reinforce the status quo by casting gender roles as protective and normative, thereby supporting unequal structures.
Option B: 'According to Fiske and colleagues (2000), this view is more common in contexts characterised by stronger structural gender-inequality.' This statement reflects findings that benevolent sexism tends to be more prevalent where gender inequality is salient or more pronounced, as the protective, chivalrous framing can preserve traditional gender norms when power dynamics are unequal.
Option C: 'These beliefs are common among both high-status groups (i.e., men) and low-status groups (i.e., women).' This captures the idea that benevolent sexism can be endorsed by individuals across status groups: men may endorse it due to alignment with traditional norms, while some women may internalize or endorse benevolent beliefs within internalized gender norms, benefitting from protective framing in some contexts.
Putting A, B, and C together, each statement reflects a facet of benevolent sexism as described in the literature: it serves defense and justification of inequality, it correlates with the level of structural inequality, and it can be endorsed by members across different social statuses. Therefore, the combination presented by 'All of the above' is consistent with the theoretical and empirical points summarized above.

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Benevolent sexism is a view of women as pure, delicate, and in need of care and protection by men. Which of the following statements about benevolent sexism is true?

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