Question at position 12 True or false: Mr. Gomez's HR was elevated due to sympathetic nervous stimulation trying to increase CO.TrueFalse

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Let’s evaluate the two statements about Mr. Gomez’s heart rate (HR) in relation to sympathetic stimulation and cardiac output (CO).
Option 1: 'True' — The HR was elevated due to sympathetic nervous stimulation trying to increase CO. In physiological terms, the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and contractility to boost cardiac output when the body needs more blood flow, such as during exercise or stress. This response would typically manifest as tachycardia driven by catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) acting on beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the sinoatrial node, thereby increasing HR to help raise CO (CO = HR × stroke volume).
Option 2: 'False' — This would imply that sympathetic stimulation did not contribute to an increased HR aimed at boosting CO. However, the classic fight-or-flight or stress responses involve sympathetic activation that raises HR precisely to elevate CO and perfusion. If HR were elevated, but not due to sympathetic drive aimed at increasing CO, it would require an alternate mechanism (e.g., parasympathetic withdrawal or non-autonomic factors) that would still typically be protective for maintaining CO; as written, the link between sympathetic drive and CO increase is the standard interpretation, making this option inconsistent with the usual physiology.
In summary, the reasoning for option 1 aligns with the textbook understanding that sympathetic activation elevates HR to augment CO, whereas option 2 contradicts that well-established mechanism. The conceptual framework hinges on the relationship CO = HR × stroke volume and the role of sympathetic stimulation in increasing HR to raise CO, particularly in states requiring greater tissue perfusion.

Question at position 12 True or false: Mr. Gomez's HR was elevated due to sympathetic nervous stimulation trying to increase CO.TrueFalse

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