Question at position 10 In the parasympathetic division of the ANS, preganglionic neurons:Have cell bodies in the brainstem or sacral spinal cord and synapse in terminal or intramural ganglia near the target organExtend directly from the CNS to skeletal musclesHave cell bodies in the thoracolumbar spinal cord and synapse in chain ganglia

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Question restatement: In the parasympathetic division of the ANS, preganglionic neurons:
Options:
1) Have cell bodies in the brainstem or sacral spinal cord and synapse in terminal or intramural ganglia near the target organ
2) Extend directly from the CNS to skeletal muscles
3) Have cell bodies in the thoracolumbar spinal cord and synapse in chain ganglia

Option 1 analysis: This statement correctly describes the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. Their cell bodies are located in the brainstem (cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X pathways) or in the sacral spinal cord. Their axons project to ganglia that are typically very close to, or within, the target organ (terminal ganglia or intramural ganglia). This arrangement allows for focused, localized control of the organ, with short preganglionic fibers and longer postganglionic fibers to the effector tissues. The use of terminal or intramural ganglia near the target aligns with the classic parasympathetic circuitry.

Option 2 analysis: The claim that parasympathetic preganglionic fibers extend directly from the CNS to skeletal muscles is inaccurate. Direct CNS-to-skeletal muscle innervation is characteristic of the somatic (voluntary) motor system, not the autonomic (involuntary) parasympathetic pathway. Parasympathetic fibers do not target skeletal muscle; skeletal muscle is innervated by motor neurons in the somatic system.

Option 3 analysis: Stating that parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies reside in the thoracolumbar spinal cord and synapse in chain ganglia is incorrect. The thoracolumbar region and sympathetic chain (paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia) are hallmark features of the sympathetic division. Parasympathetic pathways originate cranially and sacrally, not thoracolumbar, and their ganglia are typically terminal or intramural rather than arranged in a chain.

Additional contextual notes: Understanding the division-specific organization helps distinguish these options. Parasympathetic pathways emphasize localized control via short preganglionic fibers that synapse near or within the target organ, whereas sympathetic pathways generally involve longer pathways to chain or collateral ganglia before reaching targets. The fundamental mismatches in Options 2 and 3 highlight common conceptual errors about autonomic organization.

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