The autonomic nervous system:

Question

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The question presents a statement about the autonomic nervous system and asks you to evaluate the given options. 
Option a: 'Consists of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system' is accurate because the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is classically described as comprising the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, which regulate involuntary functions. This option aligns with standard neuroanatomy. 
Option b: 'Is part of the somatic nervous system' is incorrect because the somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements and does not regulate involuntary processes like heart rate or digestion, which are governed by the ANS. 
Option c: 'Is part of the HPA axis' is not correct because the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis involves endocrine signaling and stress hormone regulation, whereas the ANS is a separate neural system that manages autonomic bodily functions; while these systems interact, the ANS is not a component of the HPA axis. 
Option d: 'Consists of the peripheral nervous system and the somatic nervous system' is inaccurate because it conflates the peripheral nervous system with the somatic division; the ANS is indeed a part of the peripheral nervous system but does not include the somatic nervous system as its component. The somatic nervous system is distinct from the autonomic divisions. 
In summary, option a accurately describes the core composition of the autonomic nervous system, while options b, c, and d mischaracterize its relationship to other nervous system components or its functional scope.

253PSYC-38A-1 Midterm Exam (October 16th at 5:30 pm)

The autonomic nervous system:

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