Select the correct usage of in-text citation in APA style.

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Question: Select the correct usage of in-text citation in APA style.
Option 1: 'Leopold calls for Americans to adopt a Land Ethic, a moral responsibility to the natural world.'
- Why it’s not correct: This option uses the author’s name in the sentence but provides no in-text citation at all. In APA style, when you mention the author within the narrative, you should include the publication year in parentheses immediately after the author's name, e.g., Leopold (1949) calls...

Option 2: 'Aldo Leopold (1949) calls for Americans to adopt a Land Ethic, a moral responsibility to the natural world.'
- Why it’s not ideal: APA typically requires the use of the author’s last name in the narrative and the year in parentheses after that name. Using the full name 'Aldo Leopold' is not incorrect in itself, but the common and recommended form is to cite by last name only in the narrative (Leopold, 1949). While this might be technically acceptable in some texts, it diverges from the standard convention of using the surname for the narrative citation.

Option 3: 'Leopold (1949) calls for Americans to adopt a Land Ethic, a moral responsibility to the natural world.'
- Why it’s correct: This follows the standard APA narrative citation pattern: the author’s surname (Leopold) is presented in the text, with the publication year (1949) in parentheses immediately after the surname. It cleanly integrates the citation into the sentence and provides the proper attribution.

Option 4: 'Aldo Leopold in his book "Sand County Almanac" (1949) calls for Americans to adopt a Land Ethic, a moral responsibility to the natural world.'
- Why it’s not correct: This option tries to embed the citation after a relative clause but adds the book title in a way that disrupts APA formatting for in-text citations. In APA style, you wouldn’t normally include the book title within the narrative in this way for an in-text citation. If you were to mention the work, you could say something like Leopold (1949) argued in Sand County Almanac that... but the parenthetical (1949) should follow the surname, not the book title, and the title itself would be unnecessary unless directly quoting or clearly referenced in a full reference list entry.

Summary:
- The correct APA in-text citation form for a narrative attribution is to place the year in parentheses after the author’s surname (Option 3).
- Options that omit the year after the surname (Option 1) or modify the author’s name in nonstandard ways (Option 2, with full name, and Option 4, with a book title in the citation) do not conform to standard APA in-text citation practices.

Select the correct usage of in-text citation in APA style.

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