By knowing the interrelatedness of various snake species, the appropriate antivenom can be chosen. Based on the figure above, which snake antivenom would you administer to a person bitten by an Australian copperhead, if antivenom to the Australian copperhead were not available?

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First, let's restate the problem to ensure clarity: you need to determine which antivenom to administer for an Australian copperhead bite when its specific antivenom is not available, using the interrelatedness of variety of snake species.
Option a: death adder. The death adder is an Australian venomous snake, but its venom and antivenom relationships are generally not the best surrogate for an Australian copperhead. Administering a death adder antivenom would not be the most appropriate cross-reactive choice because the venom components and immunologic cross-reactivity differ, reducing effectiveness.
Option b: taipan. The taipan (both inland and coastal) has a highly potent venom and a specific antivenom. While some cross-reactivity exists among Australian elapids, taipan antivenom is not the standard substitute for copperhead envenomation and may not provide adequate neutralization of copperhead venom.
Option c: common brown snake. The common brown snake antivenom targets its own venom components. Similar to the death adder, while there may be some cross-reactivity within elapid venoms, it is not the best-supported surrogate for copperhead envenomation and could be less effective.
Option d: tiger snake. The tiger snake shares closer cross-reactivity among Australian elapids, and its antivenom is often considered a broader-spectrum option for various Australian elapid bites when copperhead antivenom is unavailable. This cross-reactivity makes tiger snake antivenom a more plausible substitute for neutralizing copperhead venom components in emergencies.
Option e: red-bellied black snake. Although an Australian elapid, the red-bellied black snake’s venom and antivenom are more specific to its own genus and may not provide reliable neutralization for copperhead venom compared to the tiger snake antivenom.
In summary, among the available alternatives, the tiger snake antivenom is commonly recognized as the more suitable cross-reactive option when copperhead antivenom is not on hand, due to its broader reactivity within related Australian elapid venoms,
which makes it the best-supported substitute in this scenario.

BIO 112-004 - Spring 2025: Biological Concepts and Methods I I (Lecture)

By knowing the interrelatedness of various snake species, the appropriate antivenom can be chosen. Based on the figure above, which snake antivenom would you administer to a person bitten by an Australian copperhead, if antivenom to the Australian copperhead were not available?

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