Which of the following best describes “side resistance” in nematode parasites?

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The question asks: Which of the following best describes “side resistance” in nematode parasites?
Option 1: 'Resistance developing only on one side of the host’s body.' This is biologically implausible for drug resistance, which is a genetic or physiological trait of the parasite, not a spatial pattern on the host's body. Therefore, this is not a valid description.
Option 2: 'Resistance to multiple drug classes in one nematode genus.' While cross-resistance can occur, side resistance specifically refers to within-class cross-resistance arising from similar mechanisms, not a broad statement about an entire genus across multiple classes. So this overgeneralizes the concept.
Option 3: 'Resistance occurring only after alternating drug treatments.' This describes a treatment schedule or strategy effect, not the intrinsic phenomenon of side resistance, which is tied to the mechanism by which resistance to one drug influences resistance to related drugs, irrespective of treatment sequencing. Hence, this is not accurate.
Option 4: 'Resistance to one drug leading to resistance to other drugs in the same class.' This directly captures the definition of side resistance: when resistance to a given drug extends or cross-confers resistance to other drugs within the same pharmacologic class due to shared targets, metabolic pathways, or efflux mechanisms. This aligns with standard explanations of cross-resistance within drug classes.
Option 5: 'Resistance involving a parasite species other than the target species.' This describes interspecies variation or host–parasite specificity concerns, not side resistance within a single species' response to related drugs. Therefore, this is incorrect.
In summary, the only choice that properly defines side resistance as a within-class cross-resistance mechanism is Option 4, while all other options mischaracterize or misattribute the concept by focusing on anatomical, scheduling, cross-tamil, or interspecies aspects rather than within-class cross-resistance.

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Which of the following best describes “side resistance” in nematode parasites?

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