During the Early Dynastic Period of Mesopotamia, we see southern Mesopotamia divided into two empires:

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Exploring the historical question about Early Dynastic Mesopotamia, we need to examine what the southern region was divided into during that era.
Option 1: 'Sumer and Akkade (Agade)'. This choice correctly names the two southern polities that coexisted and were often treated as distinct cultural and political centers in the Early Dynastic period, with Sumer in the south and Akkad (Agade) inland to the north of Sumer proper.
Option 2: 'Sumer and Ur'. While Ur was a key city-state within Sumer, the statement implies a division between Sumer and Ur as separate empires, which is inaccurate because Ur was part of Sumer, not a separate southern empire alongside it.
Option 3: 'Sumer and Uruk'. Uruk was another major Sumerian city-state, but the notion of two empires being Sumer and Uruk oversimplifies and misstates the historical division; Uruk did not constitute a separate southern empire alongside Sumer.
Option 4: 'Akkade and Ur'. Akkad (Agade) and Ur are both important, but Ur belongs to the Sumerian cultural sphere rather than a distinct southern empire separate from Sumer itself, so this pairing misrepresents the recognized division.
Option 5: 'Akkade and Uruk'. Similar to the previous, pairing Akkad with Uruk suggests a dichotomy between two polities that does not align with the conventional understanding of the Early Dynastic southern division, since Uruk is typically categorized within Sumer, not as a separate southern empire alongside Akkad.
In sum, the historically supported division is between Sumer (the southern region with city-states like Ur, Uruk, Lagash) and Akkad (Agade), making Option 1 the accurate choice for describing the two empires in the Early Dynastic southern Mesopotamia context.

ARCH100 OL01 Midterm Exam # 2 - March 17-23, 2025

During the Early Dynastic Period of Mesopotamia, we see southern Mesopotamia divided into two empires:

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