Yet another Athenian politician, a demagogue described “as the most violent of the citizens,” became prominent after the Plague of Athens and took credit for the amazing Athenian victory at Sphacteria. Having persuaded the Athenians to the resulting Spartan peace proposal, he was killed in the same battle as an equally rabid Spartan warmonger. Who was he?

Question

Yet another Athenian politician, a demagogue described “as the most violent of the citizens,” became prominent after the Plague of Athens and took credit for the amazing Athenian victory at Sphacteria.  Having persuaded the Athenians  to the resulting Spartan peace proposal, he was killed in the same battle as an equally rabid Spartan warmonger.  Who was he?

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Question restatement: The prompt describes an Athenian politician, a demagogue noted as 'the most violent of the citizens,' who rose after the Plague of Athens, claimed credit for the Athenian victory at Sphacteria, persuaded Athenians to accept the Spartan peace proposal, and was killed in the same battle as an equally rabid Spartan warmonger. Who was he?

Option 1: Cleon
- This option identifies Cleon, who fits the description of a controversial Athenian demagogue of the late 5th century BCE. Historically, Cleon was known for his aggressive stance against Sparta after the plague and for pushing a hard line that culminated in the Athenian willingness to fight at Sphacteria and press for a harsher peace. He indeed died at Amphipolis in 422 BCE, a battle that featured Brasidas, a famed Spartan commander who shared a reputation for ferocity. The overall narrative aligns with Cleon’s reputation as a vocal radical and his death in that same campaign season.

Option 2: Nicias
- Nicias was a prominent Athenian general and statesman who favored more cautious, diplomatic approaches and a negotiated peace with Sparta after the early Peloponnesian War. He is not described as a demagogue or as someone who claimed credit for the Spartan peace proposal, and his role contrasts with the aggressive posture attributed to the question’s subject. Therefore, this choice does not match the given description.

Option 3: Lamachus
- Lamachus was another Athenian general who supported a more confrontational military approach, but he is not characterized as a demagogic political figure of the scale described in the prompt. He did not become known for influencing public opinion to the extent of promising victory at Sphacteria nor for being tied to the post-plague demagogic leadership narrative. Thus, this option fails to satisfy the key descriptors.

Option 4: Hyperbolus
- Hyperbolus rose to prominence after Cleon and was associated with ostracism and populist rhetoric, but he did not lead a political movement described as the most violent of the citizens, nor is he connected to the specific events around Sphacteria or the Spartan peace proposal. He is a later figure whose notoriety does not align with the scenario presented in the question.

Summary of reasoning across options: The prompt centers on a notoriously aggressive Athenian demagogue closely linked to operations around Sphacteria and to influential post-plague politics leading to a peace proposal with Sparta, culminating in his death in the same campaign. Nicias and Lamachus are linked to different strategic roles and temperaments, not demagoguery, and Hyperbolus, while a later populist figure, does not fit the described circumstances. Cleon uniquely matches the combination of demagogic violence, post-plague ascendancy, association with Sphacteria and the subsequent peace debate, and dying in the Amphipolis engagement with a notable Spartan adversary.

HIST-1-27796 Quiz 2 India, China, Greece

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