Principal-Agent Dilemma is the basis for corporate governance, and results from the separation of control between:

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To begin, we identify the core concept: the principal–agent dilemma in corporate governance arises when there is a separation of ownership and control, leading to potential conflicts between the owners (principals) and those who manage the firm (agents).
Option 1: 'Government and private sector firms.' This does not describe an ownership/control split within a single firm; it references different types of organizations rather than the ownership/control relationship within a corporation. Hence, it is incorrect.
Option 2: 'Shareholders and stakeholders of a firm.' While stakeholders include a broad set of parties affected by the firm (employees, customers, creditors, community, etc.), the principal–agent dilemma specifically concerns the relationship between owners (shareholders) and those who run the firm (management). This option mixes ownership with a broader group and does not pinpoint the control separation.
Option 3: 'Management and the shareholders of a firm.' This option correctly identifies the classic split between those who own the firm (shareholders) and those who run it (management), which is the essence of the principal–agent problem.
Option 4: 'Management and the stakeholders of a firm.' Although management interacts with stakeholders, the dilemma at the heart of corporate governance is not primarily about management versus all stakeholders; it centers on management acting in the owners’ interests versus owners’ interests themselves. This makes it inaccurate as the basis of the principal–agent problem.
In summary, the only choice that accurately captures the separation of control between the owners (shareholders) and those who govern (management) is Option 3: 'Management and the shareholders of a firm.'

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Principal-Agent Dilemma is the basis for corporate governance, and results from the separation of control between:

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