Which of the following characteristics are most consistent with adaptive immunity?

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BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

The question asks which characteristics align with adaptive immunity, so we need to evaluate how each option fits with what adaptive (specific) immunity does.
Option 1: 'constant response to each exposure' suggests a uniform, non-differentiated reaction regardless of prior encounters. This describes more of an innate, non-specific pattern rather than adaptive immunity, which is characterized by tailored responses that can vary with exposure history.
Option 2: 'specificity' points to the ability of adaptive immunity to recognize unique antigens and distinguish between different pathogens. Specificity is a core feature, so this option correctly captures part of adaptive immunity, but on its own it may not convey all defining properties.
Option 3: 'memory' involves the immune system 'remembering' a previous encounter and mounting a faster or stronger response upon re-exposure. Memory is another essential hallmark of adaptive immunity, contributing to its effectiveness over time.
Option 4: 'increased response to second and subsequent exposures' describes the functional consequence of immunological memory, where the immune system responds more vigorously upon re-encounter with the same antigen. This is a direct outcome of the memory feature and reinforces the adaptive nature.
Option 5: 'specificity, memory and increased response to second and subsequent exposures' combines these foundational elements—specific recognition of antigens, immune memory, and enhanced response upon re-exposure—reflecting the full profile of adaptive immunity rather than any single aspect.
Collectively, options 2, 3, and 4 each capture important pieces of adaptive immunity, but only when integrated together do they describe the complete and characteristic set of features. Option 5 explicitly includes all three key elements, painting the most accurate picture of adaptive immunity and aligning with the established understanding of its specificity, memory formation, and boosted secondary responses.

Which of the following characteristics are most consistent with adaptive immunity?

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