Adaptive or specific immunity includes

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Question restatement: Adaptive or specific immunity includes which of the following?

Option 1: Lysozyme in tears. This is part of innate, nonspecific defenses. Lysozyme is an antimicrobial enzyme produced in various secretions and mucosal surfaces and does not require prior exposure to a pathogen. Therefore, it does not represent adaptive or specific immunity.

Option 2: The response of the defenses of the body to a specific substance. This describes the hallmark of adaptive or specific immunity: a targeted response that develops after exposure to a particular antigen, with specificity and memory. This option correctly characterizes adaptive immunity.

Option 3: Antibodies that an organism is born with that will respond to a variety of substances. This wording is misleading. While some antibodies can be cross-reactive or polyreactive, newborns do not possess a full set of specific antibodies ready to respond broadly; the adaptive system generates specific antibodies after exposure. Moreover, the phrase implies preformed broad-spectrum antibodies, which is not how adaptive immunity operates. Thus this option misrepresents the adaptive mechanism.

Option 4: Naturally occurring stomach acids. Gastric acid is a physical barrier and component of innate immunity, acting nonspecifically to reduce pathogen load in the gut. It does not reflect adaptive, antigen-specific immune responses.

Summary: Among the choices, only Option 2 aligns with the defining feature of adaptive or specific immunity—an immune response tailored to a specific antigen and capable of memory for future encounters. The other options describe innate, nonspecific aspects of immunity rather than adaptive specificity.

VT120 Assignment: Immunology - DUE 1/27 BY MIDNIGHT

Adaptive or specific immunity includes

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