The direct election of U.S. senators came about due to

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Question restatement: The direct election of U.S. senators came about due to

Option 1: Jeffersonian democracy. This is not the factor that led to direct elections. Jeffersonian ideas emphasized agrarian virtue and limited central power, but they did not champion changing how senators were chosen through direct popular vote. The direct election reform arose later in the Progressive Era, not from Jeffersonian principles.

Option 2: Jacksonian democracy. Jacksonian democracy focused on expanding suffrage and widening participation, but it did not directly create the mechanism for selecting senators by voters. The movement influenced democratic ideals in general, yet the specific shift to direct election required constitutional change rather than just Jacksonian-era reforms.

Option 3: passage of the Second Amendment. This is unrelated to the selection method for senators. The Second Amendment concerns the right to keep and bear arms, with no connection to how legislators were chosen or the structure of the Senate.

Option 4: the fact that state legislators no longer desired to select them. This statement hints at a consequence discussed during debates, but it understates the driving force: there was widespread reform movement in favor of direct election due to concerns about corruption and deadlock in state legislatures. Yet while relevant, this option does not capture the primary catalyst on its own.

Option 5: political pressure from the Progressives. This option identifies the core historical cause: Progressive reformers advocated for direct election of senators to reduce corruption, increase public accountability, and circumvent deadlocks in state legislatures. Their activism culminated in constitutional change through the 17th Amendment, shifting the selection method to a popular vote. This aligns with established history of the era and the constitutional reforms enacted.

In summary, the options contrast different historical themes, with the Progressive-led push being the central impetus for adopting direct elections of senators through constitutional amendment. The other choices either reflect broader but not directly causal ideas, or misdirect to unrelated topics, or describe a partial or inaccurate causal link.

6253-15568-GOVT-2305 Chapter 2: Constitutional Democracy

The direct election of U.S. senators came about due to

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